Baseline Survey on the Fisheries of Tekeze Reservoir, Ethiopia

Research | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2690-1919/192

Baseline Survey on the Fisheries of Tekeze Reservoir, Ethiopia

  • Dereje Tewabe 1*
  • Erkie Asmare 1

1 Amhara Regional Agricultural Research Institute (ARARI), Bahir-Dar Fisheries and Other Aquatic Life Research Center, Bahir-Dar, Ethiopia.

*Corresponding Author: Dereje Tewabe, Amhara Regional Agricultural Research Institute (ARARI), Bahir-Dar Fisheries and Other Aquatic Life Research Center P.O. Box 794, Bahir-Dar, Ethiopia.

Citation: Dereje Tewabe and Erkie Asmare (2021). Baseline Survey on the Fisheries of Tekeze Reservoir, Ethiopia. J Clinical Research and Reports, 9(1); DOI:10.31579/2690-1919/192

Copyright: © 2021, Dereje Tewabe. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Received: 02 August 2021 | Accepted: 20 August 2021 | Published: 03 September 2021

Keywords: livelihood; cash income; market competition; equity; fisheries of Tekeze; random sampling methods; fish production; agricultural activities; preservative methods

Abstract

This baseline survey was aimed to: (Amare, A et al, 2014) assess the role of fisheries of Tekeze in improving fisher’s livelihood; (Andersson J., et al 1998) assess household and individual involvement in fisheries and their inputs used; (Asmare, E., 2015) recommend means of interventions for sustainable use of the fishery resource of Tekeze. Data was collected from September to October 2017 by preparing structured questionnaire and checklists. In addition, mixtures of purposive and random sampling methods were employed to collect the data from 302 sampled households. Finally, the collected data were analyzed by using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Fishing in the study area is the main source of immediate cash income for the household next to crop production. Because of this, 50.33% of the respondents involve in a part time basis and the remaining 32.78% and 16.89% involves in a full time and seasonal basis of fishing respectively. Fishing in the study area is practiced by using both monofilament and multifilament gill nets, hooks, and hook and lines. In addition, the fishing boat, which mostly used are steel boat and planked boat. Mostly, fishers actively participate in fishing starting from October to May and some fishers involves even up to June. A highly significant difference in fishing input ownership were also observed between zones (t = 12.5). Even though highly significant difference in total annual gain from fishing is observed between zones and regions (t = 8.8), fishing plays a considerably important role for fishers (80941.46 ETB per a year on average) including part-time seasonal fishers and crop producer. On the other hand, fishing in the study area is highly gender-biased activity, which makes women’s participation negligible. However, destructive way of fishing by using 4cm stretched mesh sized monofilament gillnets; resource equity problem; poor infrastructure such as; road; and market competition problem are among the main problems in Tekeze fishery.

Introduction

 Ethiopia is uniquely rich in water resources. It has numerous water bodies including ponds, lakes, rivers, reservoirs and wetlands [17]. As a landlocked country following the secession of Eritrea in 1993, fisheries in Ethiopia come exclusively from inland sources [1]. Therefore, the inland water body of Ethiopia is estimated to encompass about 7,400 km2 of lake area and a total river length of about 7,000 km [10,12,18,20]. 

Fish is an important food item that has significant socioeconomic contribution as a source of income, employment and cheap protein for marginal people in developing countries including Ethiopia [3]. Inland fisheries are particularly important for the food security of poor people, as most inland fish production goes for subsistence or local consumption [8]. It was estimated that more than 56 million people were directly involved in inland fisheries in the developing world in 2009 [5,19]. Fisheries are one of livelihood strategies that have contributed much to people in developing countries. It is one of the vital strategies for the poor to achieve food, income and other social benefits. For instance, it serves as an important source of diet for over one billion people [4,9,13].

Materials and Methods

Objectives of the study

This baseline survey aimed to:

  • Assess the role of fisheries of Tekeze reservoir in improving fisher’s livelihood
  • Assess household and individual involvement in fisheries and their inputs used
  •  Recommend means of interventions for sustainable use of the resource and enhance benefits from the fisheries of Tekeze reservoir.
Zones sampledFrequencyPercentage

Tigray (Tanqua Abergele)

5317.5

N/Gonder (Tselemit)

4213.9

Wag-Himera

20768.5

Total

302100.0

Table 1: Sampled areas for the study

Sampling Design and Procedure

This study was conducted at both Amhara and Tigray regions. Specifically, from Tigray; Tanqua Abergelle from North Gondar; Tselemit and from Waghimra; Abergelle, Ziquala and Sehala Seyemt districts that are beneficiary from fisheries of Tekeze reservoir fisheries were sampled. To collect the data from respondents that participate in the fisheries purposive sampling method were used. Totally, 302 sample of fishers were selected randomly based on proportional to the population size using Yemane (1967) formula. Accordingly, the required sample size at 95% confidence level with degree of variability of 5% and level of precision equal to 10% are recommended to obtain a sample size required which represent a true population. 

where, n = sample size, N= Population size and e = level of precision assumed 10%. 

Finally, sampled respondents were interviewed using a pretested structured questionnaire and checklist. 

Methods of Data Collection 

Most of the data were collected by preparing a structured questionnaire. Data related to personal profiles; fishing input used and amount, benefit gained from fishing, preference for fish species, challenges for the fisheries of Tekeze reservoir and gender were collected by using structured questionnaire.

Methods of Data Analysis

Descriptive statistics such as frequency, mean, percentage, standard deviations were used for the analysis of the data. In addition, t-test and chi-square test (to test the significances of continuous and discrete variables respectively) were also used to summarize and compare the information between fishers and regions. 

Results and Discussion

Demographic Characteristics of the Households

The average age of the respondents were 29.47 with the minimum and the maximum age of 18 and 72 (Table 2). This implies that fisheries of Tekeze reservoir contribute as a means of creating employment opportunities for landless and jobless for both youths and elders regardless of what their age is. The average distance from the landing site to the main vehicle road and fish marketing town is 142.66 and 235.19 minutes of walk respectively. In addition, the average distance from home to landing is138.05 in minute of walk. This shows fisher travels for more than one hour to sell their catch or processed fish to the nearest fish-marketing site.  The sampled households have four family size on average; therefore, fisheries of Tekeze reservoir contribute to the household by giving cash income and nutrition from home consumption. 

AttributeMinimumMaximumMeanStd. Dev.
Age 187229.476.92
Total family size1104.121.96
Distance to landing* 1600138.0597.28
Distance   to road**3540142.66174.83
Distance to market***3820235.19165.33

    * Distance from home to landing in minute of walk

  ** Distance from the landing site to the main vehicle road in minute of walk

*** Distance from landing site to the nearest fish-marketing town in minute of walk

Table 2: Age, family size and distance to the main road and market

The educational status indicates about 36% of the respondents were illiterate; about 36% attended literacy classes while around 28% had attended informal education. The marital status of the respondent’s shows that majority of the respondents (80.5%) are married except a small percentage of single, divorced and widowed households (table 3 ).

                                     Attributes Frequency %

 

 

Education

Illiterate10336
Read and write8028
Primary (grade 1-8)8630.1
Secondary (grade 9-120175.9
Total286100
Marital statusSingle5317.8
Married24080.5
widowed41.3
Divorced10.3
Total298100

 

Sex 

Male29999.3
Female20.3
Total301100

Table 3: Education level, marital status and sex of sample households in the fishery sector

The main means of livelihood in the study area are agricultural crop production and fishery-related activities. Of the total sampled households, 26.6% of them depending totally on fishing activities. The remaining participates in fishing, crop production, and livestock rearing activities in a variety of ways. This infers that fishing is the best means of income generating mechanism besides cropping production and livestock rearing (table 4).

 Major means of livelihoodFrequency%
Primary source of incomeCrop cultivation15058.6
Animal rearing 2810.9
Fishing and related activities6826.6
Petty trade and seasonal labour103.9
Total256100
Types of participation in the fisheryFull time9932.78
Part time15250.33
Seasonal5116.89
Total302100

Table 4: Means of livelihood of the households and types of involvement in the fisheries

3.2. Fishing practices and methods around Tekeze reservoir

In the study area, crop cultivation in line with animal rearing is a predominantly practiced agricultural activity but it does not mean that the role of fishery is negligible. Rather, it is the main source of immediate cash income for the household next to crop production. Sampled households in the study are involves in fishery related activities in a variety of ways, i.e. 50.33% involves in a part time basis and the remaining 32.78% and 16.89% involves in a full time and seasonal basis respectively. All this shows how fishing plays a vital role in livelihood diversification and means of risk reduction in agricultural crop failure in such a drought prone area (table 5).

                                                        AttributesN%

 

Active months

October to May7336.5
October to March6834
October to June5929.5

 

Passive months

June to September10251
March to April3015
August to September6834

 

Where the net set

Open water11045.8
River mouth9439.2
Shoreline3615

Table 5: Fishing season and ways of fishing

As table 6 depicts, the main fishing gear type used for fishing is both monofilament and multifilament gill net, hook, and hook and line. In addition, the fishing boat, which mostly used is steel boat and planked boat. According to the result, most of fishing activities are performed around river mouth, shoreline and open water in their order of response. Regarding the level of involvement in fishing activities by season, most of the fishers in the area actively participate from October to May and some of them involves even up to June (table 5). This might be strongly associated with the level of workload on other agricultural activities like crop production and closed season for fishing. 

In most cases, on the pre-rainy, rainy and post-rainy seasons, crop production is a main labor consuming activity. At this season, fishing related activities become relatively low when compared with the dry season. On the other hand, fishery regulation that prohibits fishing activities during breeding seasons may have an implication on the level of fishers’ participation on fishing.  Based on the above reasons, fishers passively participate in the fishing activities starting from June to September. In addition, fishers go to fishing 21 days per a month on average and one trip of fishing take an average of 3 hours.

3.3. Types of Fishing Equipment used and possession level

The most commonly used fishing boat is steel boat but there are certain fishers who use the planked and raft one. Regarding the amount of fishing boat possessed there is no significant difference in level of possession among fishers. As the fishing gear census shows, fishers owned 13.5 and 12.9 multi and monofilament gillnet respectively with a total length of 129 meter on average. In addition, fishers have about 21.98, 42.28 hooks, and hook and line respectively. These results shows that gillnet, hook, hook and line are the most fishing gear predominantly used in the study area. However, the standard deviation of number of gillnet owned and length of gillnet in meter is higher than the mean. This shows how the level of ownership of these fishing gears and their relative size are highly dispersed between individual fishers and study areas.

 In addition, the paired t-test result shows that there is a highly significant difference in number of gillnet ownership between Zones (t = 12.5). This differences might resulted from difference in type and level of participation in the fishing activities, distance from home to the dam, and other demographic characteristics like, primary livelihood strategy, family size, land size and so on. On the other hand, the mesh size, which is important in the process of fishing, is below the recommended level because of most of the respondent use 4 cm mesh size gillnet on average.

Amount of input owned per HHNMinMaxMeanStd. Dev
Steel boat 1131111.17.98
Raft (boffofe boat) 1111.00.
Planked boat 82131.04.25
Multifilament  gillnet 662013.504.85
Monofilament  gillnet 11425012.927.44
Total length of the gillnet in meter29745750129.80405.96
Lateral line length in meter3012.025.04.1593.98
Mesh size of the gillnet2981164.261.52
Number of hooks123111021.9819.86
Hook size in number235309.917.54
Average number of hook and line100120042.2845.51
Size of hooks4102015.004.08
Number of crew members per boat1731668.1814.03
Average fishing day per a month 298315021.5514.178
Hour per trip of fishing 2820303.814.941

Table 6: Possession of fishing equipment

3.4. Inputs Used and Associated Costs of Fishing

Fishing activity is extensively a labor consuming activity, which takes 3.8 hours on average per a trip. However, it is difficult to conclude based on this data because of the data is taken from different places the fishing hour is different from place to palace. For this particular example, fishing in Tanqua Abergele takes 3 hours on average but it take about 20.8 hours on average at Abergele per trip. Costs of fishing are determined based on the level of fishing frequency, fishing equipment, labor (own or crew) and time invested on it. Based on this principle, fishers invest 3.8 hour per a day per trip on average and most of the fishers practice fishing for 21 days per month on average. 

In the study area, fishers employ up to eight crews per boat for operating the fishing activities. As presented in the below table, the remaining costs which may be considered as a fixed fishing costs are fishing boat, fishing gear and their estimated cost is presented below. The fishing input costs are significantly different from woreda to woreda this might be resulted from difference in distance to input marketing place and transport and transaction costs (table 7).

 Estimated costs in ETB per unit NMinMaxMeanStd. Dev.
Raft boat 2600020000130009899.49
Planked boat 811200130007030.862021.86
Steel boat 113350033000034526.5533514.51
Gill net in 20712528750340.461986.46
Long line 1241036029.8335.24
Hook 1101040034.7456.63

Table 7: Cost of inputs

3.5. Benefit Gained From Fishing at Tekezie reservoir

Fishing is overwhelmingly the most important activities for fishers for income generation in the study area. In particular, the poorest, landless and unemployed rural youths rely in a larger proportion on fishing activities while those who have land mainly rely on crop production. The study shows clearly that fishing is of considerable importance for people living in the study area including crop producer and part-time/ seasonal fishers.  According to Moni & Khan, (2014), fisheries has an important implication for ensuring emergency cash flow in terms of urgent medical expenses, financing children’s education and supporting household economy in times of maintaining social and family occasions. It also alters households’ protein consumption level and income, expenditure and savings pattern of the households. 

Andersson and Ngazi (1998) also reported that fisheries can provide an important contribution to household cash income [2]. This cash income gives access to other benefits such as education, health services, clothing, other foodstuffs etc. It also allows investment in other assets or enterprises such as land, livestock or fishing gear. In fisheries of Tekeze reservoir, people often turn to fishing when they finish their agricultural activities, thereby, it reduces their vulnerability to hunger by providing a complementary food source as part of diversified livelihood strategies and therefore, fisheries of Tekeze reservoir can act as a ‘safety net’ for the poor. This study is also supported by [4]. For example; people who have not agricultural lands could participate in fishing to meet their basic needs. 

Even though fishing activities have associated with different fixed and variable costs, fishing gives a remarkable return for the farmers/fishers as a cash income. In the study area, most of the fishers caught five main fish species namely, Tilapia spp., Catfish spp., Labeo spp., Labeobarbus spp and Bagrus spp. As table eight shows, fishers generate an income ranging from 96 to 720,000 ETB and on average, they get about 80941.46 ETB per a year. However, the standard deviation as raised above tells us something about resource distribution and equity. The high standard deviation from the mean shows how the total gain from fishing are dispersed among fishers. In addition, there is significant difference between total annual gain from fishing between zones and regions (t = 8.77), which means some zones/ regions extensively participated and benefited from  fishing while others are not invest more on fishing and become scarified. 

Even though genus Bagrus is not as preferred fish species for home consumption by the fishers compared to tilapia, it contributes a lot for the annual gain than other fish species even above tilapia.  The table 8 shows, how fishing at Tekeze reservoir contribute for the improvement of livelihood and poverty reduction by giving them a direct cash income at a time they want. Therefore, fishing plays a critical role as a ‘bank in the water’ for the fishers and other actors that largely rely on this activity to access cash quickly. Hence, farming and fishing are overwhelmingly the most important activities for household food supply and means of income generation.

Annual gain  ETBNMinimumMaximumMeanStd. Dev.
Tilapia822413200013182.5127013.46
Catfish2252472000055221.6495469.02
Labeo and Labeobarbus112122160007982.3024056.58
Bagrus4148576000118639.40217549.89
Total2389672000080941.46133486.78

Table 8: Annual gain from fishing in 2016/2017 season

3.6. Fish Consumption, Preference and Marketing Mechanisms

Fisheries provide a crucial source of animal protein and essential micronutrients for local communities. The contribution of fish to household food and nutrition security depends on availability, access and cultural and personal preferences. The household uses their catches for both home consumption and generating income by selling their caught. In the area the main fish type consumed by the community are Tilapia, Catfish fish and Bagrus species. According to the study, demand for fish showing an increasing rate year after year. On the same fashion, the price of fish is increase every year except seasonal variation in some seasons (table 9).

                                                           AttributeFreq.%

 

               preferred fish

Tilapia23782.3
Catfish3311.5
Bagrus186.2

 

Trend of demand for fish

Increase24682.8
Decrease4615.5
In different51.7

 

Trend of price of fish

Increase21289.8
Decrease156.4
In different93.8

 

 

To whom do you sale

consumers 8327.9
cooperative 268.7
processors124
hotels  124
fish traders16555.4

 

 

Who set price

Fisher7828.5
Through negotiation9133.2
Traders8129.6
cooperatives248.7

 

Mode of transportation

Labour7934.3
Car2510.9
Back of donkey3013.1
Boat9641.7

Table 9: Fish consumption, preference for fish species and marketing mechanisms

In addition, fisher sales their fish catch mostly for traders, consumers, and cooperatives based on negotiation with their buyers. Even though the fishers reported that they sold their caught based on negotiation between two parties, there are a tendencies that traders abuse fishers or producers through different mechanisms like, making collusion for price fixing. In addition, due to imperfect nature of the fish market in the area and poorly developed infrastructures like road, storage facilities and electricity to search for fair fish markets, the price negotiation is held only for formality. Therefore, in most cases and in reality fishers in the study area are price taker and most of the traders who acts as an oligopolistic are price maker either directly or indirectly.

The mode of transportation is based on the accessibility of transport and its distance to the marketing site. Therefore, the main modes of transportation in the fisheries of Tekeze reservoir are boat, labour, back of donkey, and car in the order of response. In addition, respondents pay 33ETB on average per trip if they choose transportation through car.

3.7. Major Challenges in the Fisheries of Tekeze reservoir

This destructive way of fishing by using illegal mesh size and monofilament gillnet is one of the threat for the sustainability of the dam’s fish resource. Weak implementation of fishery related bylaws/ regulation and inadequate training on fishery management, fishery proclamation and post-harvest loss reduction methods. Resource use conflict and governance/ administration problems on fair use of fish resource between the two regions are considered as a main problem in the fisheries of Tekeze reservoir. 

Specifically, the fishery cooperatives in the Amhara region are not active and competitive to make the price fair and road problem makes fishers disadvantaged. The other problems raised by the respondent were: road, transport, electricity market competition problem, extension support, and resource use conflict. Specially, lack of market competition makes most fishers paralyzed consequently they feel that they only work for (servant of) the big traders. This type of market monopolization increases profit margin of the traders with the scarification of producers or fishers gain (table 10). 

       Attribute    Response       N       %
Is there any bylaw for fisheryYes17989.5
No2110.5
Implementation of the regulation?Yes10638.1
No17261.9
Training availableYes7933.9
No15466.1

Table 10: Major challenges for Tekeze reservoir fisheries

Furthermore, a previous study conducted by Kindye and Asmiro (2017, Unpublished) also confirmed that resource equity problem as a main bottleneck for Tekeze reservoir fishery. According to their finding, due to absence of policy framework, rules and regulation on the use fish resources there was a dispute in the use of fish resources between the two regions (Amhara and Tigray region). Moreover, both regions exploit the fish resource in a computational manner with no limitation of boundary, which leads diminish in diversity of species and stock. 

3.8. Fisheries of Tekeze reservoir from gender perspective

Gender and sex are not the same thing. Sex refers to a biological difference between women and men. In addition, the role between men and women are permanent and universal, which could not be changed over time through education, technology, economics, and sudden crises like war and famine. On the other hand, gender is defined as a socially constructed roles and responsibilities of women and men, in a given culture or location. The roles are influenced by perceptions and expectations arising from cultural, political, environmental, economic, social, and religious factors. Gender roles, attitudes and behaviours are learned and can be changed over time through education, technology, economics, and sudden crises like war and famine.

According to Ogato G.S., et al., (2009) gender could be defined as “the rules, norms, customs and practices by which biological differences between males and females are translated into socially constructed differences between men and women and boys and girls.” Similarly, Douglas Lucas Kivoi (2014) defined sex and gender as, “sex and gender are not the same since sex is the biological difference between male and female and gender entails roles constructed through different socialization of males and females. Gender roles keep changing and evolving with time.”

Surprisingly, the term “fisher” and “fisherman” are interchangeably used to represent those men who engaged in fishing activities and they don’t consider women. This is also suggested by Medard M., et al., (2001) that descriptive nouns such as "Fishermen", is a stereotyping noun that tends to exclude women from the sector. This perception affects the way the fishing industry is supported. There is therefore a need for a conscious choice of gender sensitive words like "fish worker/fish traders", "fishers" as opposed to the term "fishermen". Such terms if consciously used, would make it clear that although there is a sexual division of labor between men and women in the fisheries, they are all fish workers.

3.8.1. Fishing and Fishing Gear Preparation 

Most of the men in the study area (81%) fully involving in fishing activity and it is predominantly considered as only men's work (Table 11). On the other hand, participation of the women in the fishing activities is still stagnant and they are perceived as “fisher-man’s wives” if their husbands engage in all fisheries-related activities.  However, women in the fisheries of Tekeze reservoir have a significant role in preparation of net. In agreement with this study, Howell L.A., (2001) argued the most traditional is that of a fisherman's wife and plays with a very defined role. Similarly, the finding of  Pereira G., (2001) showed that a woman linked to an artisanal fishing community is generally the wife of a small-scale fisher and she plays a relatively passive role. Generally, women in the fisheries of Tekeze reservoir have negligible role from fishing to selling.

3.8.2. Control Over Productive Resources

The power to decide on utilization and management of fishing equipment, caught fish and income from productive resources are predominately vested under men. In addition, men have full control over purchasing or selling of fishing equipment and who has access these productive resources. Fishing in Tekeze is performed by using the fishing boat with a net; hence, access to fishing equipment and way of fishing have been controlled by men. For some men, income from fishing is theirs to spend as they wish, while the income of women from fish supports the household (table 11). 

Livelihood activitiesMenWomenBoysgirls
Prepare   fishing net82%11%6%1%
*Wutwota 80%7%11%2%
Maintain (repair) fishing  net84%12%4%0%
Fishing81%13%4%3%
Washing and cleaning the caught  fish53%37%4%5%
Gutting   61%16%7%15%
salting62%14%6%18%
Filleting80%9%5%5%
Drying86%3%6%6%
Communicate with traders95%0%5%0%
Sale catch96%0%4%0%
Control over fishing net92%2%7%0%
Control over fishing boat92%0%8%0%
Control over caught fish91%0%8%0%

    *Wutwota: arranging the net before and after catch

Table 11: Men and women's role in the pre-fishing and fishing activities

Conclusion and Recommendations

Most of the fishers in the area actively participate from October to May and passively participate from June to September. Highly significant difference in fishing input ownership and gain distribution between fishers and zones is observed, which indicates some zones extensively participated and benefited from  fishing while others are not invest more on fishing. In addition, fisher sales their fish catch to consumers, cooperatives and fish traders based on negotiation on price with their buyers but the negotiation is for formality. The main mode of transportation in the fisheries of Tekeze reservoir is boat, labour, back of donkey and car. Based on our findings, fishing plays a vital role in livelihood diversification and means of risk reduction in agricultural crop failure in such a drought prone area.  However, fisheries of Tekeze reservoir needs a critical intervention because of: destructive way of fishing by using 4cm stretched mesh sized monofilament gillnet; resource equity problem; poor infrastructure like road, transportation, electricity, and fish preservation equipment; market competition problem (semi monopolized or oligopoly); weak capacity building; and resource use conflict.

In order to secure the sustainability of Tekeze reservoir fishery and enhance fishers’ benefits the following recommendations needs due attention:

  • Mesh size regulation
  • Improve infrastructure like road, transport, electricity and other fish processing equipment in order to make beneficiary
  • The variation in costs of fishing inputs might be due to distant market for input therefore, encourage traders to supply important fish inputs and equipment at local market
  • Capacity building and training about appropriate fishing methods, minimize post-harvest loss, alternative fish preservative methods, and ways of keeping post-harvest hygiene 
  • Strong market intervention in order to avoid market monopolization and price fixing, which undermine fishers 
  • Intervene in the resource use and management before ‘tragedy of the commons’ occurred from such unregulated competition 

References

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Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.

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Bernard Terkimbi Utoo

This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.

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Prof Sherif W Mansour

Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.

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Hao Jiang

As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.

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Dr Shiming Tang

Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.

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Raed Mualem

International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.

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Andreas Filippaios

Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.

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Dr Suramya Dhamija

Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.

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Bruno Chauffert

I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!

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Baheci Selen

"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".

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Jesus Simal-Gandara

I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.

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Douglas Miyazaki

We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.

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Dr Griffith

I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.

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Dr Tong Ming Liu

I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.

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Husain Taha Radhi

I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.

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S Munshi

Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.

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Tania Munoz

“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.

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George Varvatsoulias

Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.

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Rui Tao

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.

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Khurram Arshad